Honors Chemistry
Course Description
This is a very rigorous chemistry course designed for students planning a career in the sciences. The course content will include units of measurements, physical and chemical properties, atomic theory, stoichiometry, bonding, solutions, acids and bases, and the periodic table. Students taking this course should expect a fast pace and a high level of academic difficulty focusing on higher level thinking skills. Considerable laboratory work is performed and a thorough understanding of mathematics is required.
Course Big Ideas
- All forms of matter exist as a result of the combination or rearrangement of atoms.
- The atoms of some substances combine or rearrange to form new substances that have different properties.
- All forces between objects, regardless of size or direction, arise from only a few types of interactions.
Course Essential Questions
- How do particles combine to form the variety of matter one observes?
- How can the interactions between atoms and ions be predicted and explained?
- How can the reactions of substances be explained and predicted?
- How can stoichiometry be used to relate the relative amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
- How can matter be described in terms of its composition, properties, and changes it undergoes?
- How is the periodic table arranged and how does that impact predictions about how elements behave?
Course Competencies
- Understand the relationship between atomic and subatomic particles and how they affect matter.
- Understand how to name and write the formula of simple substances.
- Understand how particles change chemically through reactions and/or physically.
- Understand how molecules interact with each other including various forces.
- Understand the importance and relevance of the periodic table to chemistry and other disciplines.
Course Assessments
- Lab Practical and Written Assessments
- Unit Summative Assessments
- Course Final Assessment
- Formative Assessments
Course Units
- Unit 1: Atomic Structure
- Unit 2: Chemical Interactions - Iconic
- Unit 3: Chemical Interactions - Covalent
- Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
- Unit 5: Mole & Stoichiometry
- Unit 6: Matter, Properties, and Changes
- Unit 7: Solutions, Acids, and Bases
- Unit 8: Periodic Table
Unit 1: Atomic Structure
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.A Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of the electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.
- 3.2.9-12.G Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.
- 3.2.9-12.T Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
- 3.5.9-12.S Conduct research to inform intentional inventions and innovations that address specific needs and wants.
- 3.5.9-12.GG Evaluate how technology and engineering have been powerful forces in reshaping the social, cultural, political, and economic landscapes throughout history.
- 3.5.9-12.JJ Identify and explain how the evolution of civilization has been directly affected by, and has in turn affected, the development and use of tools, materials, and processes.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the rules and application of significant figures for measurements.
- Know the subatomic particles in an atom.
- Know how the model of the atom changed over time including discoveries (Atomic theory).
- Know the similarities and differences between atoms, ions, and isotopes.
- Know particles comprised in a particle’s atomic number, charge, and mass number.
- Know that average atomic mass is based on an element’s actual mass and abundance.
- Know how to read electron configuration including the noble gas method.
- Know how to read orbital notation including the noble gas method.
- Know the three rules of orbital notation.
- Know the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Apply the rules of significant figures to various measurements and calculations.
- Calculate the number of subatomic particles in any given atom, ion, or isotope.
- Calculate atomic number, charge, and mass number of any given atom, ion, or isotope.
- Calculate average atomic mass.
- Write and determine ground state electron configuration (including the noble gas method) for any atom, ion, or isotope.
- Write and determine ground state orbital notation (including the noble gas method) for any atom, ion, or isotope.
- Identify correct rules of orbital notation.
- Identify the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How can laboratory measurements be represented accurately?
- How has the concept of an atom developed over time?
- How do you distinguish between atoms, ions, and isotopes?
- How is the atomic number, mass number, and charge of an atom, ion, or isotope determined?
- How can the location and behavior of electrons be described?
- What are the characteristic properties and behaviors of electromagnetic waves?
Materials/Resources
Vocabulary
- Atom
- Proton
- Neutron
- Electron
- Atomic number
- Atomic mass unit (amu)
- Ion
- Isotope
- Average atomic mass
- Law of conservation of mass
- Law of definite proportions
- Electron configuration
- Orbital
- Orbital diagram
- Noble-gas
- Noble-gas configuration
- Valence Electron
- Electromagnetic wave
- Frequency
- Wavelength
- Amplitude
- Gold foil experiment
- Speed of light
- Bohr model
- Plum pudding model
- Ground state
- Cathode-ray tube experiment
- Excited state
- Significant figures
- SI derived units
- Accuracy
- Scientific notation
- Precision
- SI base units
Assessments
Unit 2: Chemical Interactions - Iconic
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.B Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the difference between an ionic and covalent bond.
- Know ion charges based on location on the periodic table.
- Know the rules (IUPAC) for constructing ionic compound formulas with any binary combination of cations and anions.
- Know the rules (IUPAC) for naming ionic compounds with any binary combination of cations and anions.
- Know the difference between transition metals and other common ions.
- Know the properties of substances containing metallic bonds.
- Know how to incorporate polyatomic ions in naming and formula writing.
- Know how to name and write the formula of binary and oxyacids.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Evaluate observations of ionic and covalent molecules to support claims regarding their differences.
- Apply a systematic set of rules (IUPAC) for naming and writing formulas of binary ionic compounds (including polyatomic ions and transition metals).
- Apply a systematic set of rules (IUPAC) for naming and writing formulas of binary acids and oxyacids (including polyatomic ions).
- Provide an explanation for properties exhibited by metals due to metallic bonding.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - Ionic & Covalent Bonding
- Playposit - Ionic Bonding & Valence Electrons
- Playposit - Metallic Bonding
- Playposit - Naming & Writing Ionic Formulas
- Lab - Inquiry Ionic & Covalent materials
- Lab - Chemical Activity of Metals materials
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
Assessments
Unit 3: Chemical Interactions - Covalent
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.B Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the number of valence electrons based on location on the periodic table.
- Know the rules (IUPAC) for constructing covalent molecule formulas of any binary combination of nonmetals or metalloids.
- Know the rules (IUPAC) for naming covalent molecules with any binary combination of nonmetals or metalloids.
- Know how to construct a Lewis structure of molecular compounds.
- Know the meaning of resonance structures.
- Know VSEPR Theory.
- Know how to determine molecular shape based on Lewis structure (shared and unshared pairs of electrons).
- Know how to determine bond polarity based on electronegativity values.
- Know how to determine molecular symmetry based on molecular shape.
- Know how to determine molecular polarity based on symmetry and bond polarity.
- Know the three major types of intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA).
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Apply a systematic set of rules (IUPAC) for naming binary covalent molecules and writing binary covalent formulas.
- Classify a bond as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.
- Draw Lewis structures for simple covalent compounds.
- Draw appropriate resonance structures for a molecule or polyatomic ion.
- Use illustrations to predict molecular polarity.
- Describe how chemical bonding can affect solubility of substances in a liquid.
- Utilize Lewis structures to predict shapes of simple compounds.
- Classify and explain forces between molecules (IMFA).
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- What factors determine the types of chemical bonds that form between covalent molecules?
- How does the distribution of electrons in atoms affect the formation of a covalent molecule?
- How can VSEPR Theory be used to determine the shape of a molecule?
- How can electronegativity be used to determine the polarity of a bond?
- How can molecular shape and bond polarity be used to determine molecular polarity?
- How do intermolecular forces of attraction affect the way molecules interact with each other?
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - Covalent Bonds
- Playposit - VSEPR Theory
- Playposit - Covalent Bonds Including Polar and Nonpolar
- Playposit - Intermolecular Forces
- PHET Simulation - Molecule Shapes
- Molecular Model Kits
- Lab - Model Shapes materials
- Lab - Polar Covalent Models materials
- Lab/Demo - Intermolecular Forces materials
- Optional Demos - sublimation of iodine, iodine change to cyclohexane and water becomes blue
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
- Covalent bond
- Molecule
- Nonmetal
- Lewis dot structure
- Lone pair
- Shared pair
- Single bond
- Double bond
- Triple bond
- Molecular shapes
- Structural formula
- VSEPR Theory
- Dipole
- Diatomic molecule
- Octet rule
- Intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA)
- Polar
- Nonpolar
- Bond polarity
- Molecular polarity
- Electronegativity
- Trigonal pyramidal
- Hydrogen bonding
- Unshared pair
- Expanded octet
- Valence electron
- Trigonal planar
- Dipole-dipole interactions
- Formal charge
- Symmetry
- Bent
- Dispersion forces
- Resonance
- Tetrahedral
- Linear
- Asymmetry
- Suboctet
Assessments
Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- P3.2.9-12.C Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.
- 3.2.9-12.G Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.B. Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.5.9-10.G. Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know that chemical reactions produce new substances.
- Know how to identify the five major types of chemical reactions.
- Know the difference between reactants and products.
- Know how to balance chemical equations according to the Law of Conservation of Matter.
- Know how to predict products based on given reactants.
- Recall prior unit information to properly predict products.
- Know how to apply the solubility table and activity series when predicting products of single and double replacement reactions.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - Types of Chemical Reactions
- PHET Simulation - Balancing Chemical Equations
- Lab - Double Replacement materials
- Lab - Equation Writing & Predicting Products materials
- Optional Demos - Lycopodium powder, Gummy bear in KClO3, Copper wire and AgNO3, Genie in the bottle
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
- Chemical reaction
- Law of conservation of matter
- Reactant
- Product
- Types of reactions
- Coefficient
- Balancing equations
- Precipitate
- Aqueous (aq)
- Decomposition
- Solid (s)
- Endothermic
- Catalyst
- Reactivity
- Single Replacement
- Liquid (l)
- Exothermic
- Predict products
- Double Replacement
- Gas (g)
- Activity series
- Synthesis
- Combustion
- Yield sign
- Solubility table
Assessments
Unit 5: Mole & Stoichiometry
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.F Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.
- 3.2.9-12.G Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.Z Recognize and explain how their community and the world around them informs technological development and engineering design.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the purpose and value of the mole as a unit.
- Know how to calculate percent composition, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas.
- Know how to convert moles to mass, volume, or number of particles using the factor-label method.
- Know how to use a balanced chemical reaction to produce a molar ratio.
- Know how to calculate molar mass.
- Know how to apply stoichiometry to convert given units of a substance to units of another substance.
- Know how to determine if a reactant is limiting or in excess.
- Know how to calculate percent yield for a reaction.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Apply the mole concept to representative particles.
- Calculate percent composition of a compound.
- Determine the empirical formula from mass or percent composition.
- Determine the molecular formula from empirical formula, mass or percent composition.
- Use stoichiometric relationships to calculate the amounts of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction.
- Describe the roles of limiting and excess reactants in chemical reactions.
- Determine the limiting reactant of a chemical reaction.
- Calculate percent yield for a reaction.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - What is a Mole?
- Playposit - Mole Ratio
- Playposit - Intro to Stoichiometry
- Playposit - How to Find Limiting Reactants
- Lab - Formula of a Hydrate materials
- Lab - Bubble Gum materials
- Lab - Percent Yield of NaCl materials
- Optional Demo - one mole of different substances (water, sugar, etc.)
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
Assessments
Unit 6: Matter, Properties, and Changes
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.A Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of the electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.
- 3.2.9-12.D Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.
- 3.2.9-12.R Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
Understanding/Key Learning
- The structure and interactions of matter at the bulk scale are determined by electrical forces within and between molecules.
- Chemical processes, their rates, and whether or not energy is stored or released can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms and molecules, with consequent changes in the sum of all bond energies in the set of molecules that are matched in changes in kinetic energy
Do
- Apply the Law of Definite Proportions to the classification of elements and compounds as pure substances.
- Classify substances as pure or mixtures.
- Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
- Classify physical and chemical properties.
- Classify chemical and physical changes within a system in terms of matter and/or energy
- Calculate density, mass, or volume given certain variables.
- Solve problems involving specific heat capacity, mass, change in temperature, and heat energy.
- Determine the appropriate method of separation for a given mixture.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How can different types of matter be distinguished?
- How can physical and chemical properties be distinguished from one another?
- How can physical and chemical changes be distinguished from one another?
- How do density, mass, and volume relate to each other?
- How can mixtures be separated into their components?
- How can changes in matter also include energy changes or transfer?
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - Classification of Matter
- Playposit - Physical and Chemical Changes
- Playposit - Density
- Lab - Physical and Chemical Changes materials
- Lab - Specific Heat of a Metal materials
- Lab - Density of Pennies materials
- Optional Demos - properties of alcohol, copper metal and nitric acid, methane bubbles, density of various substances in water
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
- Element
- Compound
- Homogenous mixture
- Heterogeneous mixture
- Physical property
- Chemical property
- Intensive property
- Extensive property
- Physical change
- Chemical change
- Percent error
- Endothermic reaction
- Exothermic reaction
- Energy transfer
- Mass
- Volume
- Density
- Mixture
- Alloy
- Pure substance
- Phase change
- State of matter
- Specific heat capacity
- Temperature
- Heat energy
Assessments
Unit 7: Solutions, Acids, and Bases
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.B Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.
- 3.2.9-12.N Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.
- 3.3.9-12.K Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know different terms related to solutions, mixtures, and solubility.
- Know that particle size influences classification of solutions.
- Know how different factors affect solubility of liquids and gasses.
- Know how to read a solubility graph.
- Know the concept of molarity (concentration) and its mathematical relationships.
- Know how to dilute stock solutions.
- Know general properties of acids and bases.
- Know how the pH scale measures the strength of acids and bases.
- Know how the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution is related to pH.
- Know how the pH of a solution can be adjusted.
- Know the properties water exhibits based on its chemical nature.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Define terms related to solutions, mixtures, and solubility.
- Describe how factors (IMFA, temperature, agitation, pressure, etc.) can affect solubility.
- Describe various methods that concentration can be expressed and calculated.
- Calculate molarity or percent by mass of a solution.
- Solve dilution problems for molarity or volume.
- Analyze and interpret a solubility graph.
- Describe the properties of acids and bases.
- Describe the pH scale and its use in determining the strength of acids and bases.
- Interpret the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH of a solution.
- Describe the outcome of neutralization reactions.
- Distinguish between the properties of water and how they are represented.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- What factors affect solubility?
- How can concentration of a solution be represented?
- What factors affect concentration of a solution?
- How can the strength of an acid or a base be represented?
- What are the relationships between acids and bases?
- How can the strength of an acidic or basic solution be altered?
Materials/Resources
- Glencoe Science, Chemistry: Matter and Change
- Playposit - Water and Solutions
- Playposit - Molarity Made Easy
- Playposit - Acids and Bases
- PHET Simulation - Concentration
- PHET Simulation - pH Scale Basics
- Lab - Testing for Acids and Bases materials
- Lab - Titration materials
- Optional Demo - recrystallization of a supersaturated solution
- Online Resources
- Periodic Table
- Calculators
Vocabulary
- Solution
- Solute
- Solvent
- Solubility
- Concentration
- Factors affecting solubility
- Molarity
- Dilution
- Percent by mass
- Acid
- Base
- pH
- pOH
- Neutralization
- Indicator
- Properties of acids
- Properties of bases
- Hydrogen ion
- Hydroxide ion
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
- Supersaturated
- Colloid
- Suspension
- Tincture
- Agitation
- Miscible
- Immiscible
- Soluble
- Insoluble
- Amalgam
- Effervescence
- Dilute
- Concentrate
- Buffer
- Aerosol
- Dissociation
- Dissolution
- Dissolving
- Gel
- Hypertonic
- Hypotonic
- Isotonic
Assessments
Unit 8: Periodic Table
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.2.9-12.A Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of the electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Predict characteristics of an atom or ion based on its location on the periodic table.
- Identify families within the periodic table.
- Recognize general trends of electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, and ionic radius within the periodic table.
- Compare and order elements based on the general trends of electronegativity, ionization energy, and atomic radius within the periodic table.
- Predict reactivity of metals based on their location on the periodic table.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How can the arrangement of the periodic table predict properties of an element?
- How are electronegativity and ionization energies affected by the location of an element on the periodic table?
- How is atomic radius predicted by the location of an element on the periodic table?
- How might different families on the periodic table affect the reactivity of an element?
Materials/Resources
Vocabulary
- Periodic table
- Period
- Group
- Family
- Alkali metals
- Alkaline Earth metals
- Halogens
- Noble gases
- Metals
- Nonmetals
- Metalloids
- Energy levels
- Sublevels
- Atomic radius
- Ionic radius
- Ionization energy
- Electronegativity
- Post-transition metals
- Lanthanide series
- Inner-transition metals
- Actinide series
- Periodic Law
- Transition metals