AP Chemistry
Course Description
This rigorous college-level chemistry course will deal with intermediate concepts in inorganic chemistry and basic concepts in organic chemistry. Higher-level thinking skills are mandatory for success in this class. Major topics include: stoichiometry, states of matter, chemical bonding, solutions, chemical reactions and reaction rates, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, organic chemistry, and descriptive chemistry.
Course Big Ideas
- Big Idea 1: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity (SPQ)
- Explanations, predictions, and other forms of argumentation in chemistry require understanding the meaning of quantities at the macroscopic and atomic scale, and the relationship between quantities at the same scale and across scales.
- Big Idea 2: Structure and Properties (SAP)
- Chemical and physical properties of materials at the macroscopic scale can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them. Properties are predicted from known aspects of the structures and interactions at the atomic scale. Observed properties are used to infer aspects of the structures and interactions.
- Big Idea 3: Transformations (TRA)
- At its heart, chemistry is about the rearrangement of matter. Understanding the details of these transformations requires reasoning at many levels as one must quantify what is occurring both macroscopically and at the atomic level during the process. The rate of a transformation is also of interest, as particles must move and collide to initiate reaction events.
- Big Idea 4: Energy (ENE)
- Energy has two important roles in characterizing and controlling chemical systems. The first is accounting for the distribution of energy among the components of a system and the ways that heat exchanges, chemical reactions, and phase transitions redistribute this energy. The second is in considering the enthalpic and entropic driving forces for a chemical process. These are closely related to the dynamic equilibrium present in many chemical systems and the ways in which changes in experimental conditions alter the positions of these equilibria.
Course Essential Questions
- If atoms are too small to be observed directly, how do we know how they are structured?
- How can large quantities of objects be counted by weighing?
- How does atomic structure determine the patterns and properties of elements on the periodic table?
- How can the properties of different compounds be explained by their chemical bonds?
- How does the spacing and motion of particles relate to a substance’s state of matter?
- In what ways can a chemical change be described, documented, and measured?
- Why are some chemical reactions faster than other chemical reactions?
- How can energy changes be tracked and measured when energy can’t be seen?
- Why do some chemical reactions occur without intervention, but others require the input of energy?
Course Competencies
- Understand the relationship between atomic structure and the patterns and properties of elements on the periodic table.
- Understand the relationships among the masses, volumes, and numbers of particles of substances that are measured in the laboratory.
- Understand the role of energy in determining the type and extent of changes in matter.
- Understand the role of electrostatic forces on the type and extent of changes in matter.
- Understand how the properties and changes in matter observed at the macroscopic level are determined by the movement and interactions of particles at the atomic level.
Course Assessments
- Lab Practical and Written Assessments
- Unit Summative Assessments
- Formative Assessments
- Course Final Assessment
- AP Exam
Course Units
- Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties
- Unit 2: Compound Structure and Properties
- Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures
- Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
- Unit 5: Kinetics
- Unit 6: Thermochemistry
- Unit 7: Equilibrium
- Unit 8: Acids and Bases
- Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry
Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Models and Representations: Describe models and representations, including
- across scales.
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Model Analysis: Analyze and interpret models and representations on a single scale or across multiple scales.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the concepts of moles and molar mass.
- Know the concept of mass spectroscopy of elements.
- Know the elemental composition of pure substances.
- Know the composition of mixtures.
- Know the details of atomic structure and electron configuration.
- Know the essential details of photoelectron spectroscopy.
- Know the trends found in the periodic table.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Convert between the mass and moles of a substance using molar mass.
- Analyze the mass spectrograph of an element and relate it to atomic mass.
- Describe the elemental composition of a substance based on its chemical formula information.
- Describe the composition of a mixture in terms of its heterogeneity or homogeneity.
- Describe the structure of an atom in terms of the arrangement of its subatomic particles.
- Analyze the photoelectron spectrum of an element and relate it to the energy levels and sublevels of its arrangement of electrons.
- Predict the properties of an element’s atoms based on its position relative to other elements in the periodic table.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How is the quantum-mechanical atomic model superior to previous atomic models?
- How is the arrangement of subatomic particles related to the organization of elements on the periodic table?
- How is the classification of matter related to structure and function?
- How does the chemical formula of a substance relate to its composition?
- How do the photoelectron spectra of elements relate to electronic structure?
- How can the electronic structures of elements’ atoms be used to predict properties of elements found on the periodic table?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for paper chromatography, gravimetric analysis of plant food, copper solutions in spectroscopy (including spectrophotometers)
- Molecular model kits (class sets)
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Matter
- Property (chemical and physical)
- Element
- Compound
- Mixture
- Heterogeneous
- Homogeneous
- Substance
- Nucleus
- Metals
- Nonmetals
- Metalloids
- Transition metals
- Ball-and-stick model
- Space-filling model
- Ion
- Cation
- Anion
- Isotope
- Frequency
- Valence electron
- Core electron
- Degenerate
- Atomic radius
- Ionic radius
- Mole
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Law of Definite Proportions
- Law of Multiple Proportions
- Intensive and Extensive properties
- Electronic charge
- Atomic mass
- Atomic mass unit (amu)
- Alkali metals
- Alkaline earth metals
- Halogens
- Noble gases
- Polyatomic ion
- Ionic compound
- Quantum
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Spin
- Electron configuration
- Ionization energy
- Isoelectronic
- Avogadro’s Number
- Distillation
- Chromatography
- Recrystallization
- Hypothesis
- Theory
- Scientific law
- SI Base and
- Derived Units
- Precision
- Accuracy
- Atomic number
- Mass number
- Group
- Period
- Family
- Covalent compound
- Chemical nomenclature
- Stock system
- Wavelength
- Aufbau principle
- Pauli Exclusion Principle
- Orbital diagram/notation
- Electron affinity
- Metallic character
- Dimensional analysis
- Conversion factor
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Subatomic particles
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
- Radioactivity
- Nuclear model
- Bohr model
- Quantum-Mechanical Model
- Empirical formula
- Molecular formula
- Chemical formula
- Diatomic molecule
- Subscript
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Hund’s Rule
- Orbital
- Energy level
- Sublevel
- Effective nuclear charge
- Molar mass
Assessments
Unit 2: Compound Structure and Properties
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Models and Representations: Describe models and representations, including
- across scales.
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Model Analysis: Analyze and interpret models and representations on a single scale or across multiple scales.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know how to distinguish among ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
- Know how the effects of electrostatic forces and potential energy determine the characteristics of chemical bonds.
- Know the structure, ion arrangement, and properties of ionic solids.
- Know the structure and arrangement of atoms and ions in metals and alloys.
- Know the details of Lewis diagrams and Lewis structures.
- Know the details of resonance and formal charge for molecules.
- Know the relationships that exist between VSEPR Theory and bond hybridization.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Describe the differences among ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
- Graph and interpret the interactions between charged particles in an atom or compound.
- Explain how the structures of ionic, covalent, and metallic compounds affect the properties of those compounds.
- Draw Lewis diagrams and Lewis structures of various atoms and covalent compounds.
- Draw resonance structures for various covalent compounds and determine their relative stabilities.
- Determine formal charges for atoms in various covalent compounds.
- Identify appropriate electron and molecular geometries for covalent compounds using the VSEPR theory.
- Determine orbital/bond hybridizations for atoms in various covalent compounds.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How do electrostatic forces influence chemical bonding?
- How are the properties of different chemical compounds explained using valence electrons?
- Why can some molecules be drawn in different ways?
- Why are some molecular structures more stable than others?
- Why do molecules look so different from each other?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Molecular model kits (class sets)
- Websites for various activities and simulations (Molview, PhET)
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Octet rule
- Lewis diagram
- Lewis structure
- Chemical bond
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Metallic bond
- Hypervalent
- Delocalization
- Lattice energy
- Nonbonding/Lone pair
- Single, double, triple bonds
- Bond polarity
- Molecular polarity
- Dipole
- Suboctet
- Polar/Nonpolar
- Electronegativity
- Dipole moment
- Formal charge
- Resonance structure
- Bond enthalpy
- Bond angle
- Sigma (σ) bond
- Bond length
- VSEPR theory
- Electron domain
- Bonding pair
- Molecular geometry
- Hybridization
- Hybrid orbital
- Pi (π) bond
Assessments
Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Representing Data and Phenomena: Create representations or models of chemical phenomena.
- Model Analysis: Analyze and interpret models and representations on a single scale or across multiple scales.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the differences among the intermolecular forces of attraction (IMF’s): London dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding.
- Know the properties of substances in the solid state and how they are related to interparticle forces of attraction.
- Know the differences among solids, liquids, and gasses on both the submicroscopic and macroscopic scales.
- Know the relationships among the variables of a gas in the Ideal Gas Law.
- Know the postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
- Know the deviations of a real gas from the Ideal Gas Law.
- Know how a solution differs from other types of mixtures.
- Know the ways to represent solutions at the particulate level.
- Know how chromatography can be used to separate components of a solution.
- Know the forces at work in the determination of solubility.
- Know the relationship between sections of the electromagnetic spectrum and their effect on electrons in atoms.
- Know the relationship between photons and electron transitions in an atom or molecule.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Describe and explain the differences in the strengths of attraction among IMF’s.
- Classify specific solids or properties of solids as examples or characteristics of molecular, ionic, network covalent or metallic materials.
- Analyze phase diagrams and use them to predict phases and changes in phase.
- Analyze intermolecular attractions as they relate to properties of substances.
- Calculate missing values in the Ideal Gas Law.
- Examine applications of the Ideal Gas Law.
- Explain the relationship between the motion of particles and the macroscopic properties of gasses.
- Explain the relationships among non-ideal behaviors of gasses, interparticle forces, and/or volumes.
- Calculate the number of solute particles, volume, or molarity of solutions.
- Represent interactions between components of a mixture.
- Represent concentrations of components of a mixture.
- Explain the results of a separation experiment based on intermolecular interactions.
- Explain the relationship between the solubility of ionic and molecular compounds in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents, and the intermolecular interactions between particles.
- Explain the relationship between a region of the electromagnetic spectrum and the types of molecular or electronic transitions associated with that region.
- Explain the properties of an absorbed or emitted photon in relationship to an electronic transition in an atom or molecule.
- Explain the amount of light absorbed by a solution of molecules or ions in relationship to the concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity.
Unit Essential Questions
- How do interactions between particles influence the properties of pure substances and mixtures?
- How does the spacing and motion of particles relate to a substance’s state of matter and the properties of gasses?
- How can you determine the structure and concentration of a chemical species in a mixture?
Lesson Essential Questions
- How do particles of matter attract each other differently?
- How do solids differ in terms of their strengths of interparticle attraction?
- How do intermolecular attractions influence phase changes and properties of substances?
- How are properties of gasses related to each other mathematically and behaviorally?
- How are the properties of gasses explained by the motion of their particles?
- How is the concentration of a solution related to the number of solute particles and volume?
- How do particle interactions explain solubility?
- How is the behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules related to the electromagnetic spectrum?
- How is light related to solution concentration?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Behavior of Gases: Molar Mass of a Vapor
- Molecular model kits (class sets)
- Websites for various activities and simulations (PhET)
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Vapor
- Pressure
- Atmosphere
- Pascal
- Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’ Law
- Avogadro’s Law
- Gay-Lussac’s Law
- Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- Ideal Gas Law
- Ideal Gas Constant
- Mole Fraction
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Root-Mean-Square (rms) Speed
- Diffusion
- Effusion
- Graham’s Law
- Mean free path
- Van der Waals equation
- Intermolecular forces
- London dispersion forces
- Dipole-dipole forces
- Hydrogen bonding
- Ion-dipole forces
- Viscosity
- Surface tension
- Capillary action
- Phase changes
- Heat of fusion
- Heat of sublimation
- Heat of vaporization
- Critical temperature
- Critical pressure
- Polarizability
- Vapor pressure
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Volatile
- Boiling point
- Normal boiling point
- Phase diagram
- Melting point
- Normal melting point
- Triple point
- Critical point
- Metallic solid
- Delocalization
- Sea of electrons
- Ionic solid
- Covalent-network solid
- Molecular solid
- Polymer
- Crystalline solid
- Amorphous solid
- Crystal lattice
- Alloy
- Substitutional alloy
- Interstitial alloy
- Heterogeneous alloy
- Intermetallic compound
- Semiconductor
- Insulator
- Cross-linking
- Vulcanization
- Nanomaterials
- Solute
- Solvent
- Molarity
- Concentration
- Solution
- Solvation
- Hydration
- Crystallization
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
- Supersaturated
- Solubility
- Miscible
- Immiscible
- Henry’s Law
- Percent mass
- Parts per million (ppm)
- Parts per billion (ppb)
- Colloid
- Tyndall effect
- Hydrophilic
- Hydrophobic
- Brownian motion
Assessments
Unit 4: Chemical Reactions
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Models and Representations: Describe models and representations, including
- across scales.
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the difference between a physical and a chemical change.
- Know the major classifications of inorganic chemical reactions and the types of outcomes that they generate.
- Know the different ways to represent a chemical reaction using different types of equations.
- Know how to quantify mass and mole relationships among the substances of a chemical reaction.
- Know how to recognize and identify acids and bases by their roles in a chemical reaction.
- Know how to recognize and identify substances involved in an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Identify evidence of chemical and physical changes in matter.
- Predict the products of common inorganic chemical reactions.
- Represent changes in matter with a balanced chemical or net ionic equation.
- Represent a given chemical reaction with a consistent particulate model.
- Explain the relationship between macroscopic characteristics and bond interactions for chemical processes.
- Explain changes in the amounts of reactants and products based on a balanced equation for a chemical process.
- Calculate amounts of reactants and products from a given amount in a chemical reaction.
- Identify the equivalence point in a titration based on the amounts of titrant and analyte.
- Identify a reaction as acid-base, oxidation-reduction, or precipitation.
- Represent a balanced oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction using half-reactions.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How can a chemical change be distinguished from a physical change?
- How are the products of common types of chemical reactions predicted?
- How do chemical equations describe chemical reactions on a particular scale?
- How are chemical reactions quantified by chemical equations?
- How are chemical reactions quantified in a laboratory setting?
- How are electrons involved in chemical reactions?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Redox Titration of Bleach
- Websites for various activities and simulations
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Reactant
- Product
- Stoichiometry
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Chemical equation
- Combination reaction
- Decomposition reaction
- Single replacement reaction
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Formula weight
- Molecular weight
- Limiting reactant
- Excess reactant
- Theoretical yield
- Actual yield
- Percent yield
- Titration
- Titrant
- Analyte
- Aqueous solution
- Nonelectrolyte
- Chemical equilibrium
- Precipitate
- Molecular equation
- Complete ionic equation
- Net ionic equation
- Spectator ion
- Acid (strong and weak)
- Base (strong and weak)
- Neutralization
- Salt
- Redox reaction
- Activity series
- Solubility rules
- Dilution
- Titration
- Standard solution
- Equivalence point
- Double replacement reaction (metathesis)
- Combustion reaction
- Electrolyte (strong and weak)
Assessments
Unit 5: Kinetics
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Models and Representations: Describe models and representations, including
- across scales.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the meaning of a reaction rate.
- Know the essential components of a rate law.
- Know how the concentrations of reactants and products change over the life of a reaction.
- Know the relationship of an elementary reaction to the reaction rate.
- Know the basic tenets of the collision model.
- Know the basic parts and meaning of a reaction energy profile.
- Know the relationship between a reaction mechanism and a rate law.
- Know how a steady-state approximation can be used to determine a rate law.
- Know the effects of a catalyst on a reaction rate and a reaction energy profile.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Explain the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and experimental parameters.
- Represent experimental data with a consistent rate law expression.
- Identify the rate law expression of a chemical reaction using data that show how the concentrations of reaction species change over time.
- Represent an elementary reaction as a rate law expression using stoichiometry.
- Explain the relationship between the rate of an elementary reaction and the frequency, energy, and orientation of particle collisions.
- Represent the activation energy and overall energy change in an elementary reaction using a reaction energy profile.
- Identify the components of a reaction mechanism.
- Identify the rate law for a reaction from a mechanism in which the first step is rate limiting.
- Identify the rate law for a reaction from a mechanism in which the first step is not rate limiting.
- Represent the activation energy and overall energy change in a multistep reaction with a reaction energy profile.
- Explain the relationship between the effects of a catalyst on a reaction and changes in the reaction mechanism.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How can the rate of a chemical reaction be expressed?
- How is the rate of a reaction affected by different factors?
- How are the relationships among the amounts of reactants and products expressed as the reaction proceeds?
- How is the rate law for a chemical reaction determined?
- How is the energy change for a chemical reaction articulated?
- How does the use of a catalyst affect the rate and mechanism of a chemical reaction?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Iodination of Acetone
- Websites for various activities and simulations
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Reaction rate
- Instantaneous rate
- Rate law
- Rate constant
- Reaction order
- Overall reaction order
- Catalyst (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
- First-order reaction
- Second-order reaction
- Zero-order reaction
- Half-life
- Collision model/theory
- Activation energy
- Adsorption
- Enzyme
- Activated complex (transition state)
- Arrhenius equation
- Frequency factor
- Reaction mechanism
- Elementary reaction
- Substrate
- Active site
- Molecularity
- Unimolecular
- Bimolecular
- Termolecular
- Intermediate
- Rate-determining step
- Lock-and-key model
- Steady-state approximation
Assessments
Unit 6: Thermochemistry
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the difference between an endothermic process and an exothermic process.
- Know how to draw and interpret an energy diagram.
- Know how heat is transferred from one object to another to establish thermal equilibrium.
- Know the relationship between heat capacity and calorimetry.
- Know the relationship between the flow of energy to and from an object and phase changes.
- Know the meaning of enthalpy and its relationship to a chemical reaction.
- Know the meaning of bond enthalpy and its uses in determining the enthalpy of a chemical reaction.
- Know the meaning of bond enthalpy and its influence on a chemical reaction.
- Know the meaning of enthalpy of formation and its influence on a chemical reaction.
- Know how Hess’s Law is used to substantiate the nature of a state function.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Explain the relationship between experimental observations and energy changes associated with a chemical or physical transformation.
- Represent a chemical or physical transformation with an energy diagram.
- Explain the relationship between the transfer of thermal energy and molecular collisions.
- Calculate the heat (q) absorbed or released by a system undergoing heating/cooling based on the amount of the substance, the heat capacity, and the change in temperature.
- Explain changes in the heat (q) absorbed or released by a system undergoing a phase transition based on the amount of the substance in moles and the molar enthalpy of the phase transition.
- Calculate the heat (q) absorbed or released by a system undergoing a chemical reaction in relationship to the amount of the reacting substance in moles and the molar enthalpy of reaction.
- Calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction based on the average bond energies of bonds broken and formed in the reaction.
- Calculate the enthalpy change for a chemical or physical process based on the standard enthalpies of formation.
- Explain the relationship between the enthalpy of a chemical or physical process and the sum of the enthalpies of the individual steps.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- Why do some objects get warmer or cooler during changes in matter?
- How can changes in energy for matter be represented graphically?
- How are energy changes related to the motion of particles?
- How can changes in heat for a system be quantified?
- How are changes in heat related to changes in state?
- How are changes in heat related to chemical bonds?
- How do various pathways for a physical or chemical change affect the changes in heat?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Heat Effects and Calorimetry
- Websites for various activities and simulations (PhET)
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Thermodynamics
- Thermochemistry
- Energy
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- System
- Surroundings
- Work
- Force
- Heat
- Internal energy
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Endothermic
- Exothermic
- State Function
- Enthalpy
- Calorimetry
- Calorimeter
- Heat capacity
- Molar heat capacity
- Specific heat
- Bomb calorimeter
- Hess’s Law
- Enthalpy of formation
- Standard states
- Standard enthalpy change
- Standard enthalpy of formation
Assessments
Unit 7: Equilibrium
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Representing Data and Phenomena: Create representations or models of chemical phenomena.
- Model Analysis: Analyze and interpret models and representations on a single scale or across multiple scales.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- 3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the definition and qualities of a chemical equilibrium.
- Know the difference between a reaction quotient and an equilibrium constant.
- Know how to interpret the magnitude of an equilibrium constant.
- Know how to calculate concentrations of reactants and products in relation to the equilibrium constant through the Law of Mass Action.
- Know the meaning and impact of Le Châtelier’s principle.
- Know the impact of Le Châtelier’s principle on a reaction quotient.
- Know the meaning of a solubility product constant.
- Know the impact of the Common-Ion Effect on an equilibrium.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Explain the relationship between the occurrence of a reversible physical or chemical process, and the establishment of equilibrium, to experimental observations.
- Explain the relationship between the direction in which a reversible reaction proceeds and the relative rates of the forward and reverse reactions.
- Represent the reaction quotient Q, for a reversible reaction, and the corresponding equilibrium expressions, K = Q.
- Calculate Kc or Kp based on experimental observations of concentrations or pressures at equilibrium.
- Explain the relationship between very large or very small values of K and the relative concentrations of chemical species at equilibrium.
- Represent a multistep process with an overall equilibrium expression, using the constituent K expressions for each individual reaction.
- Identify the concentrations or partial pressures of chemical species at equilibrium based on the initial conditions and the equilibrium constant (K).
- Represent a system undergoing a reversible reaction with a particulate model.
- Identify the response of a system at equilibrium to an external stress, using Le Châtelier’s principle.
- Explain the relationships between Q, K, and the direction in which a reversible reaction will proceed to reach equilibrium.
- Calculate the solubility of a salt based on the value of the solubility product, Ksp, for the salt.
- Identify the solubility of a salt, and/or the value of Ksp for the salt, based on the concentration of a common ion already present in solution.
Unit Essential Questions
- How are the rates of forward and reverse reactions related to the direction that a reversible reaction proceeds?
- How can the composition of a mixture at equilibrium be predicted?
- How can an equilibrium system be manipulated to maximize product yield?
- What factors influence the degree to which a salt will dissolve?
Lesson Essential Questions
- How does an equilibrium describe a reversible process?
- How are conditions for a reaction at equilibrium related to nonequilibrium conditions?
- How are equilibrium constants of individual steps for a reaction related to the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction?
- How is an equilibrium expression related to the solubility of a salt?
- How does the inclusion of salt ions in an equilibrium affect the solubility of a salt?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Determination of the Equilibrium Constant of a Reaction
- Websites for various activities
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
Assessments
Unit 8: Acids and Bases
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Question and Method: Determine scientific questions and methods.
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- P3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
- 3.5.9-12.F Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society’s unique need or want.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- PCC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the definitions of an acid and a base according to Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis.
- Know the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base, as well as the relationship between a base and its conjugate acid.
- Know the meaning of the pH scale and the pOH scale, and the relationship between the two scales.
- Know the difference between a weak acid and a strong acid, as well as, the difference between a weak base and a strong base.
- Know the characteristics of weak acid and base equilibria.
- Know the outcome and characteristics of acid-base reactions and titration.
- Know the properties and behaviors of a buffer solution.
- Know the molecular structure of acids and bases.
- Know the quantitative relationship between pH and pKa.
- Know the implications of using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to describe a buffer solution.
- Know the factors that affect buffer capacity.
- Know the relationship between pH and the solubility of a salt.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Distinguish among Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis acids and bases.
- Calculate the values of pH and pOH based on water’s ion-product constant (Kw) and the concentrations of all species present in a neutral solution of water.
- Calculate the values of pH and pOH based on concentrations of all species in a solution of a strong acid or a strong base.
- Examine the relationships among pH, pOH, and concentrations of all species in a solution of a monoprotic or weak acid or weak base.
- Explain the relationships among the concentrations of major species in a mixture of weak and strong acids and bases.
- Explain results from the titration of a mono- or polyprotic acid or base solution, in relation to the properties of the solution and its components.
- Explain the relationship between the strength of an acid or base and the structure of the molecule or ion.
- Explain the relationship between the predominant form of a weak acid or base in solution at a given pH and the pKa of the conjugate acid or the pKb of the conjugate base.
- Explain the relationship between the ability of a buffer to stabilize pH and the reactions that occur when an acid or a base is added to a buffered solution.
- Calculate the pH of a buffer solution based on the identity and concentrations of the conjugate acid-base pair used to create the buffer.
- Explain the relationship between the buffer capacity of a solution and the relative concentrations of the conjugate acid and conjugate base components of the solution.
- Identify the qualitative effect of changes in pH on the solubility of a salt.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How are acids and bases defined in different ways?
- How is the strength of an acid or a base determined?
- What makes an acid or a base strong or weak?
- How is the pH of an acidic or basic solution related to its equilibrium constant?
- How are buffer solutions used to regulate pH?
- How is pH related to the solubility of a salt?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Determination of the Dissociation Constant of a Weak Acid, Determination of the Solubility-Product Constant for a Sparingly Soluble Salt
- Websites for various activities and simulations (PhET)
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Hydronium ion
- Arrhenius acids and bases
- Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases
- Lewis acids and bases
- Conjugate acids and bases
- Amphiprotic
- Autoionization
- Ion-product constant (Kw)
- pH and pOH
- Strong acids and bases
- Weak acids and bases
- Electrolyte
- Acid-dissociation constant (Ka)
- Base-dissociation constant (Kb)
- Monoprotic acid
- Polyprotic acid
- Amine
- Percent ionization
- Dissociation
- Hydrolysis
- Oxyacid
- Carboxylic acid
- Buffer
- Buffer capacity
- pH range
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- Titration
- Titration curve
- Hydroxide ion
- Indicator
Assessments
Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry
- Standards
- Know
- Understanding/Key Learning
- Do
- Unit Essential Questions
- Lesson Essential Questions
- Materials/Resources
- Vocabulary
- Assessments
Standards
College Board AP Chemistry
- Mathematical Routines: Solve problems using mathematical relationships.
- Argumentation: Develop an explanation or scientific argument.
PA STEELS Standards
- P3.5.9-12.A Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.
PA Reading and Writing in Science and Technical Subjects
- CC.3.5.9-10.C. Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
- CC.3.5.9-10.D. Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics.
- CC.3.5.9-10.E. Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy).
- CC.3.6.9-10.B Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
- CC.3.6.9-10.C. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Know
- Know the meaning of entropy and its application to various examples.
- Know the meaning of Gibbs free energy and its relationship to thermodynamic favorability.
- Know the distinction between thermodynamic favorability and kinetic control.
- Know the relationship between free energy and equilibrium.
- Know the relationship between free energy and dissolution.
- Know the relationship between free energy and coupled chemical reactions.
- Know the difference between the function of a galvanic (voltaic) cell and an electrolytic cell.
- Know the relationship between free energy and cell potential.
- Know the effects of nonstandard conditions on cell potential.
- Know the relationship between electrolysis and Faraday’s Law.
Understanding/Key Learning
Do
- Identify the sign and relative magnitude of the entropy change associated with chemical or physical processes.
- Calculate the standard entropy change for a chemical or physical process based on the absolute entropies of the species involved in the process.
- Explain whether a chemical or physical process is thermodynamically favored based on an evaluation of standard free energy changes.
- Explain, in terms of kinetics, why a thermodynamically favored reaction might not occur at a measurable rate.
- Explain whether a process is thermodynamically favored using the relationships among K, ΔG°, and T.
- Explain the relationship between the solubility of a salt and changes in the enthalpy and entropy that occur in the dissolution process.
- Explain the relationship between external sources of energy or coupled reactions and their ability to drive thermodynamically unfavorable processes.
- Explain the relationship between the physical components of an electrochemical cell and the overall operational principles of the cell.
- Explain whether an electrochemical cell is thermodynamically favored, based on its standard cell potential and the constituent half-reactions within the cell.
- Explain the relationship between deviations from standard cell conditions and changes in the cell potential.
- Calculate the amount of charge flow based on changes in the amounts of reactants and products in an electrochemical cell.
Unit Essential Questions
Lesson Essential Questions
- How is the state of disorder determined within a system?
- How is the spontaneity of a chemical or physical process determined?
- How do changes in enthalpy and entropy affect the spontaneity of a chemical reaction?
- What is the relationship between the spontaneity and the rate of a chemical reaction?
- How are changes in enthalpy and entropy involved in the dissolution process?
- How is the thermodynamic favorability of a chemical reaction affected by coupling?
- How do the components of an electrochemical cell affect its operation?
- How is the amount of electricity related to the function of an electrochemical cell?
Materials/Resources
- Textbooks: Chemistry; The Central Science by Brown, Lemay and Bursten, 13th ed., Pearson, 2015; Chemistry 2e from OpenStax (online); various lab manuals
- Lab materials for Determination of an Equivalent Mass by Electrolysis
- Websites for various activities
- Notes and materials found in Google Drive and Schoology
- AP Classroom resources (online)
- Lab materials for demonstrations
Vocabulary
- Electrochemistry
- Reducting agent (reductant)
- Oxidizing agent (oxidant)
- Half-reaction
- Voltaic (galvanic) cell
- Anode
- Cathode
- Electromotvie force (emf)
- Cell potential (Ecell)
- Standard emf (Standard cell potential, E°cell)
- Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
- Faraday constant (F)
- Nernst equation
- Battery
- Electrolysis reaction
- Electrolytic cell
- Standard reduction potential
- Salt bridge
- Oxidation numbers (oxidation states)