AP English Literature and Composition

AP English Literature and Composition College Board Standards

• Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.
• Explain the function of contrasting characters.
• Describe how textual details reveal nuances and complexities in characters’ relationships with one another.
• Explain the function of a character changing or remaining unchanged.
• Describe how textual details reveal nuances and complexities in characters’ relationships with one another.
• Identify and describe specific textual details that convey or reveal a setting.
• Explain the function of setting in a narrative.
• Describe the relationship between a character and a setting.
• Identify and describe how plot orders events in a narrative.
• Explain the function of a particular sequence of events in a plot.
• Explain the function of contrasts within a text.
• Identify and describe the narrator or speaker of a text.
• Identify and explain the function of the point of view in a narrative.
• Identify and describe details, diction, or syntax in a text that reveal a narrator’s or speaker’s perspective.
• Explain how a narrator’s reliability affects a narrative.
• Identify and explain the function of a symbol.
• Identify and explain the function of an image or imagery.
• Identify and explain the function of a simile.
• Identify and explain the function of personification.
• Develop a paragraph that includes 1) a claim that requires defense with evidence from the text and 2) the evidence itself.
• Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.
• Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.
   

Narrative Elements

• Narrators and speakers tell the story and shape how readers experience it.
• Perspective shows how a character or narrator views events.
• Point of view (first-person or third-person) affects what readers know.
• Narrators may be characters or outside observers.
• The tone of a story comes from the narrator’s or character’s attitude.
• The way a story is told—its pacing and structure—can shape emotion and meaning.

Character, Setting, and Theme

• Characters reveal their values through their choices and actions.
• The protagonist is the main character; the antagonist creates conflict.
• Conflict often comes from different values or beliefs.
• Setting creates mood and can reflect a character’s situation or inner life.
• Characters and settings may carry deeper meanings or symbolism.
• Characters often change due to conflict or moments of realization (epiphany).

Writing About Literature

• Literary analysis means making a claim about a text and supporting it with evidence.
• A strong thesis statement expresses your main idea.
• Each paragraph should have a clear claim, supporting evidence, and an explanation.
• Writers need coherence, linking ideas clearly and logically.
• Good essays may also consider different interpretations or connect ideas to bigger themes.

• Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.
• Setting and the details associated with it not only depict a time and place, but also convey values associated with that setting.
• The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.
• A narrator’s or speaker’s perspective controls the details and emphases that affect how readers experience and interpret a text.
• Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

• Identify textual details, symbols, images, speaker/narrator, point of view, and structure.
• Describe character traits, relationships, settings, and narrative techniques.
• Explain the function of literary elements like character change, setting, plot, contrasts, point of view, imagery, and figurative language.
• Develop claims, thesis statements, paragraphs, and commentary with evidence and reasoning.
   

• How do characters’ actions, motivations, and development contribute to a text’s meaning?
• What can a character’s perspective reveal about the central themes of a work?
• In what ways do contrasting characters highlight significant ideas in a narrative?
• How does the setting influence characters and shape the story’s mood and meaning?
• How does the structure and sequence of a plot impact our understanding of a narrative?
• How does close reading of textual details help us uncover nuance in character relationships and conflicts?
   

• How do specific textual details help us understand a character’s perspective, motives, and relationships?
• In what ways do characters’ contrasts and changes develop the meaning of a text?
• How does the setting influence characters and shape the story?
• How does the sequence and structure of a plot affect a reader’s understanding of the narrative?
• How do point of view and narrator reliability shape a reader’s perception of the story?
• How do literary contrasts, imagery, and symbols create deeper meaning in a text?
• How can figurative language (like simile and personification) reveal character or theme?
• What makes a literary argument clear, convincing, and well-supported?
• How do writers use evidence and commentary to develop and defend a thesis?
   

• “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin
• “Umbrella” by Helena Hilario and Mario Pece
• “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” by Joyce Carol Oates
• “Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid
• “Shaving” by Leslie Norris
• “Hills Like White Elephants” by Ernest Hemingway
• “The Paper Menagerie” by Ken Liu 
• “Sonnet 29” by William Shakespeare
• “Golden Retrievals” by Mark Doty
• “Blackberry Picking” by Seamus Heaney
• College Board Released Texts and Prompts
• Selections from Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing, and Thinking
• Selections from How To Read Literature Like a Professor
• Independent Reading Novel Selected by the student
   

• Character
• Perspective
• Motives
• Contrasting characters
• Character development
• Complexity
• Relationships
• Setting
• Mood
• Plot
• Sequence of events
• Contrast
• Narrator
• Speaker
• Point of view
• Diction
• Syntax
• Perspective
• Narrator reliability
• Symbol
• Image / Imagery
• Simile
• Personification
• Textual evidence
• Claim
• Thesis statement
• Interpretation
• Line of reasoning
• Commentary
   

• Short Fiction Multiple-Choice Assessments (AP Classroom)
• Short Fiction Progress Checks (AP Classroom)
• Literary Analysis Paragraph (Short Fiction)
   

AP English Literature and Composition College Board Standards:

• Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about the character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.
• Explain the function of structure in a text.
• Explain the function of contrasts within a text.
• Explain the function of specific words and phrases in a text.
• Identify and explain the function of a simile.
• Identify and explain the function of a metaphor.
• Identify and explain the function of a symbol.
• Develop a paragraph that includes 1) a claim that requires defense with evidence from the text and 2) the evidence itself.
• Distinguish between the literal and figurative meanings of words and phrases.
• Identify and explain the function of an image or imagery.
• Identify and explain the function of personification.
• Identify and explain the function of an allusion.
• Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.
• Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.
• Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support and line of reasoning.
• Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

Reading and Analyzing Literature

• Characters show their beliefs and motives through their words, actions, decisions, and thought patterns.
• Poets use line and stanza breaks to shape meaning and relationships between ideas.
• The structure of a text affects how readers interpret and respond to its ideas.
• Authors create contrast using tone, point of view, setting, characters, and imagery.
• Shifts in a text—marked by punctuation, structure, or word choice—can emphasize changes or contrasts.
• Repetition and sound devices (like alliteration) can emphasize meaning or tone.
• Literary comparisons—such as similes, metaphors, and extended metaphors—help readers understand deeper meanings.
• Imagery appeals to the senses and helps emphasize important ideas.
• Word choices (especially descriptive or emotionally charged words) create imagery and affect interpretation.
• Hyperbole and understatement are used to emphasize or minimize traits for effect.
• Authors use personification to give human traits to nonhuman things, adding emotional or thematic depth.
• Symbols and conceits (extended metaphors) create layered meanings and emotional impact.
• Allusions (references to history, culture, or other texts) build deeper associations for readers.
• Irony and paradox add depth and often highlight unexpected truths in a text.
• Ambiguity in a text allows for multiple interpretations, inviting deeper analysis.
• Clear reference to people or ideas (like pronouns and antecedents) affects how a text is understood.

Writing About Literature

• A thesis statement expresses a main interpretation and guides the structure of literary analysis.
• Strong literary arguments include a clear line of reasoning supported by relevant textual evidence.
• Commentary in essays connects the evidence to the argument and explains its importance.
• Good writing uses transitions and structure to maintain coherence and emphasize meaning.
• Writers use evidence strategically to illustrate, clarify, amplify, or qualify a point.
• Writers must give proper credit to others' ideas and sources through citation or reference.

• Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.
• The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the readers’ interpretation of a text.
• Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.
• Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

• How does the structure of a poem shape its meaning and impact?
• What role do figurative language and poetic devices play in revealing a speaker’s perspective?
• How do poets use language, imagery, and sound to evoke emotion or emphasize ideas?
• In what ways can contrasting elements within a poem highlight complexity or tension?
• How does a speaker’s or narrator’s perspective shape a reader’s understanding of a poem?
• What is the function of symbolism and allusions in conveying meaning in poetry?
• How do connotation and word choice contribute to tone and interpretation in a poem?
• How do poets communicate abstract ideas through concrete images and language?
• How do poets present complex relationships between characters, ideas, or emotions?
• What makes an interpretation of a poem valid, compelling, and defensible?
• How can structural or stylistic choices reveal deeper meaning in a poem?
• How do multiple poetic elements work together to develop a theme and argument in literary analysis?
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• How do specific textual details reveal a character’s perspective, motivations, and development?
• In what ways does an author’s use of structure shape a reader’s understanding of the text?
• How do contrasts within a text create meaning or highlight important ideas?
• How does word choice—both literal and figurative—contribute to tone, meaning, and characterization?
• What is the function of figurative language devices such as simile, metaphor, personification, and symbolism in literature?
• How do imagery and allusion deepen a reader’s understanding of theme and character?
• How do writers develop and defend an interpretive claim about a literary text?
• What makes a thesis statement defensible and connected to a clear line of reasoning?
• How does effective commentary connect textual evidence to a central interpretation?
• What strategies help writers use evidence purposefully and convincingly?
• How do writers demonstrate control over composition to clearly communicate their interpretation?
   

• “Touchscreen” by Marshall Davis Jones
• “El Dorado” by Edgar Allan Poe
• “The Hill We Climb” by Amanda Gorman
• “At Black River” by Mary Oliver
• “Metaphors” by Sylvia Plath
• “Onion” by William Matthews
• “Mutability” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
• “Do not go gentle into that good night” by Dylan Thomas
• “The Landlady” by P.K. Page
• College Board Released Texts and Prompts
• Selections from Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing, and Thinking
• Independent Reading Novel/Novella Selected by student
   

• Character
• Perspective
• Motives
• Structure
• Contrasts
• Words and Phrases
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Symbol
• Literal meaning
• Figurative meaning
• Image / Imagery
• Personification
• Allusion
• Claim
• Evidence
• Thesis statement
• Interpretation
• Line of reasoning
• Commentary
• Textual evidence
• Elements of composition
   

• Poetry Multiple-Choice Assessments (AP Classroom)
• Poetry Progress Check (AP Classroom)
• Poetry Prècises
• Informal Presentations
   

AP English Literature and Composition College Board Standards:

• Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.
• Explain the function of a character changing or remaining unchanged.
• Identify and describe specific textual details that convey or reveal a setting.
• Explain the function of a significant event or related set of significant events in a plot.
• Explain the function of conflict in a text.
• Develop a paragraph that includes 1) a claim that requires defense with evidence from the text and 2) the evidence itself.
• Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.
• Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.
• Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support a line of reasoning.
• Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

  Character Development

• How a character is described helps shape our expectations and understanding of their actions.
• A character’s perspective can change over time and is often influenced by the narrator or other characters.
• Characters reveal themselves through comparisons, actions, and motivations.
• Some characters grow or change emotionally, mentally, or physically; others remain largely unchanged.
• A character’s choices often influence the turning points and resolution of a story.
• Setting and Structure
• Setting includes the time, place, culture, and social context of a story.
• Stories unfold through key scenes and events that develop the plot and deepen conflict.

Conflict

• Conflict can be internal (within a character) or external (between characters or outside forces).
• Multiple conflicts may exist and interact to create tension and drive the story forward.
• Contrasts or inconsistencies in a story often reflect deeper conflicts in values or perspectives.

Textual Analysis and Interpretation

• Careful reading of details allows readers to form and defend an interpretation of a text.
• An effective analysis begins with a claim supported by strong evidence and thoughtful explanation (commentary).
• A thesis expresses a clear interpretation and is backed by logical reasoning and well-selected evidence.
• Writers explain how each piece of evidence supports their overall point in a connected and meaningful way.

Writing and Communication

• Strong writing uses grammar and structure that make ideas easy to understand.
• The writing process involves reading, thinking, writing, and revising to refine an interpretation.
• Writers use evidence strategically to clarify and strengthen their arguments.
•  

• Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.
• Setting and the details associated with it not only depict a time and place, but also convey values associated with that setting.
• The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequence in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.
• Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

• Interpret how textual details reveal a character’s traits, perspective, and motivations.
• Evaluate the significance of a character’s change or consistency over the course of the text.
• Identify and analyze textual details that establish or develop the setting and its influence on meaning.
• Explain the function of key events and their relationship to plot progression and thematic development.
• Differentiate types of conflict and assess how they shape characters and drive the narrative.
• Construct paragraphs with claims supported by specific textual evidence.
• Formulate a thesis that presents a defensible interpretation and a logical line of reasoning.
• Synthesize commentary that connects evidence to claims and supports the overall thesis.
• Select and apply relevant evidence to substantiate literary analysis.
• Demonstrate control of written expression using clear, structured, and grammatically sound language.
• Refine written interpretations to improve clarity, precision, and coherence.
   

• How do characters grow or change, and what does that reveal about the story’s deeper meaning?
• How does the structure of a novel influence our understanding of its themes and characters?
• In what ways do setting and context shape the plot and conflicts in a novel?
• How do authors use symbols, motifs, or themes to communicate big ideas?
• How does the narrator’s point of view affect the way we understand the story?
   

•  In what ways do specific textual details reveal a character’s perspective, motives, and development over the course of a text?
• How does a character’s transformation-or lack thereof—contribute to the narrative’s meaning and resolution?
• How does setting influence the characters, conflicts, and themes within a literary work?
• What is the function of key events and central conflicts in shaping plot structure and advancing thematic meaning?
• How can students craft clear and defensible literary analyses using claims, relevant evidence, and logical commentary?
   

• Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
• “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Selections from Lives by Plutarch
• Selections from The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Selections from Paradise Lost by John Milton
• “Dear Dr. Frankenstein” by Jericho Brown
• “Speeches for Dr. Frankenstein” by Margaret Atwood
• “Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti
• “Spellbound” by Emily Dickinson
• “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” by John Keats
• “The Death of the Swan” by Mary Shelley
• “Mutability” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
• “Patchwork Girl” by Shirley Jackson
• “The Yellow Wall Paper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
• “Rappaccini’s Daughter” by Nathaniel Hawthorne
• College Board Released Texts and Prompts
• Selections from Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing, and Thinking
   

• Character
• Perspective
• Motives
• Foils
• Setting
• Plot
• Event / Significant Event
• Conflict
• Textual Details
• Theme
• Claim
• Evidence
• Thesis Statement
• Interpretation
• Line of Reasoning
• Commentary
• Paragraph
• Composition
• Defensible (Claim)
• Textual Evidence
• Analysis 
• Epistolar
   

• Long Fiction Multiple-Choice Assessments (AP Classroom)
• Long Fiction Progress Checks (AP Classroom)
• FRQ1: Response to Poetry
• FRQ2: Response to Prose
• Socratic Seminars

AP English Literature and Composition College Board Standards:

• Identify and describe what specific textual details reveal about a character, that character’s perspective, and that character’s motives.
• Explain the function of contrasting characters.
• Explain how a character’s own choices, actions, and speech reveal complexities in that character, and explain the function of those complexities.
• Identify and describe how plot orders and events in a narrative.
• Explain the function of a particular sequence of events in a plot.
• Explain the function of contrasts within a text. 
• Identify and describe details, diction, or syntax in a text that reveal a narrator’s or speaker’s perspective.
• Explain how a narrator’s reliability affects a narrative.
• Identify and explain the function of a symbol.
• Develop a thesis statement that conveys a defensible claim about an interpretation of literature and that may establish a line of reasoning.
• Develop commentary that establishes and explains relationships among textual evidence, the line of reasoning, and the thesis.
• Select and use relevant and sufficient evidence to both develop and support a line of reasoning.
• Demonstrate control over the elements of composition to communicate clearly.

 Perspectives and Character Complexity

• Different characters, narrators, or speakers provide varying information and attitudes that influence interpretation.
• Foil characters highlight traits of another character through contrast.
• Private thoughts versus actions reveal tensions and complexities in values.
• Conflicting or inconsistent choices/actions add complexity to characters.

Narrative Structure and Plot

• Narrative structures that disrupt chronological order (flashback, foreshadowing, in medias res, stream of consciousness) affect the reader's experience by building suspense or tension.
• Sequences of events and contrasts within a text create nuance, ambiguity, or contradictions that deepen complexity.

Tone and Style

• A narrator’s or speaker’s tone toward events or characters shapes readers’ interpretations.
• Syntax (sentence structure) emphasizes details or tone.
• Writers use coordination and subordination in sentence structure to show balance or imbalance between ideas.
• Punctuation clarifies relationships within sentences.

Perspective and Reliability

• Inclusion or omission of details conveys narrator/speaker perspective, revealing biases or motivations.
• Detecting narrator bias can affect the perceived reliability of the narrator, influencing understanding of character motives.

Symbolism

• Symbols are objects (or characters) that represent ideas or concepts.
• Some symbols are universal (archetypal), others are context-dependent.
• Characters can also be symbolic, sometimes becoming archetypes.

Argument and Interpretation in Literary Analysis

• A thesis statement presents an interpretive claim supported by textual evidence and a line of reasoning.
• The line of reasoning is a logical progression of claims connected by commentary.
• Commentary explains how evidence supports claims and the thesis.
• Effective evidence is used strategically to clarify or amplify points.
• Interpretation is recursive: forming a line of reasoning and gathering evidence happen in tandem.

Writing Clarity

• Writers choose words, phrases, and sentence structures carefully to clearly communicate interpretations.

• Characters in literature allow readers to study and explore a range of values, beliefs, assumptions, biases, and cultural norms represented by those characters.
• The arrangement of the parts and sections of a text, the relationship of the parts to each other, and the sequences in which the text reveals information are all structural choices made by a writer that contribute to the reader’s interpretation of a text.
• A narrator’s or speaker’s perspective controls the details and emphases that affect how readers experience and interpret a text. 
• Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the figurative and invite readers to interpret a text.
• Readers establish and communicate their interpretations of literature through arguments supported by textual evidence.

• Analyze specific textual details to reveal character traits, perspectives, and motives.
• Explain the role and effect of contrasting characters and contrasts within a text.
• Evaluate how a character’s choices, actions, and speech develop complexity and advance the narrative.
• Identify and analyze the organization of plot events and their functions within the narrative structure.
• Examine diction, syntax, and details to interpret a narrator’s or speaker’s perspective and assess narrator reliability.
• Identify and interpret the function of literary symbols.
• Formulate a clear, defensible thesis that presents an interpretation of literature and establishes a line of reasoning.
• Construct commentary that connects textual evidence to the thesis and line of reasoning.
• Select and integrate relevant, sufficient textual evidence to support an argument.
• Apply conventions of composition to communicate analysis clearly and effectively.

• How do characters’ choices and inner conflicts shape the meaning of the play?
• What themes and motifs in Hamlet reveal deeper truths about human nature and society?
• How does Shakespeare use structure and language to create dramatic effect and reveal character?
• In what ways does Hamlet reflect or challenge the conventions of tragedy and its historical context?
   

Hamlet by William Shakespeare

•  How do Shakespeare’s choices in characterization shape our understanding of internal and external conflict within Hamlet?
• In what ways does the theme of appearance versus reality drive the dramatic tension and meaning of the play?
• How do soliloquies in Hamlet reveal psychological depth and contribute to character development?
• What role does the structure of the play—including pacing, parallel plots, and delayed action—play in shaping the audience’s experience and interpretation?
• How do recurring motifs (such as madness, death, revenge, and corruption) reinforce the play’s central themes?
• In what ways does Hamlet’s moral ambiguity reflect the complexity of human nature?
• How does the historical and cultural context of Elizabethan England influence the play’s ideas about power, gender, and fate?
• How does the use of dramatic irony shape the audience’s engagement with the characters and plot?
• In what ways does Hamlet challenge or uphold the conventions of tragedy?
• How does language—through diction, figurative devices, and rhetorical strategies—create layered meaning in key moments of the play?

As You Like It by William Shakespeare

• How does Shakespeare use dramatic conventions, such as disguise and mistaken identity, to develop character relationships and advance the plot?
• What role does the structure of a Shakespearean comedy play in shaping the audience's expectations and emotional experience?
• How does the use of dramatic irony influence the audience’s understanding of character motives and conflicts in As You Like It?
• In what ways do the contrasting settings (court vs. forest) serve as dramatic devices to explore themes such as freedom, identity, and transformation?
• How do soliloquies and asides in As You Like It deepen our understanding of the characters’ inner lives and the play’s broader themes?
• What is the function of the Fool or wit in Shakespearean drama, and how does Touchstone fulfill this role in As You Like It?
• How does As You Like It challenge or reinforce the conventions of romantic comedy through its characters and plot twists?
• How does performance (on stage or in film) enhance or alter the interpretation of key dramatic moments in the play?
• How do themes of performance, role-playing, and theatricality reflect the nature of drama itself in As You Like It?
• In what ways does the play’s ending fulfill or complicate the typical “happily ever after” conclusion associated with comedy?
   

• Hamlet by William Shakespeare
• As You Like It by William Shakespeare
• College Board Released Texts and Prompts
• Selections from Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing, and Thinking
   

• textual details
• character
• character’s perspective
• character’s motives
• contrasting characters
• choices
• actions
• speech
• complexities (of character)
• plot
• sequence of events
• contrasts
• details
• diction
• syntax
• narrator
• speaker
• narrator’s reliability
• symbol
• thesis statement
• interpretation
• line of reasoning
• commentary
• textual evidence
• composition elements
   

• Drama Multiple-Choice Assessments (AP Classroom)
• Drama Progress Checks (AP Classroom)
• FRQ3: Literary Argument
• Socratic Seminars
   

PA Common Core ELA Standards:

• CC.1.3.11–12.F: Evaluate how words and phrases shape meaning and tone in texts.
• CC.1.3.11–12.I: Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.
• CC.1.3.11–12.J: Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college- and career-readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.

• Words are made up of prefixes, suffixes, and roots, and each contributes to a word’s meaning and/or part of speech.
• That changing affixes change the meaning of the word and/or part of speech.
• How to identify the most precise synonyms and antonyms for a word.
• The different types of context clues (example, comparison, contrast) and their signal words and phrases.
   

• Word parts and affixes help determine the meaning of unknown words.
• Synonyms and antonyms help build more precise word choices when writing and speaking.
• Context clues can help to determine the meaning and show an understanding of unknown words.
• Context clues help to vary our sentence structure.

• Determine the meanings of new words based on the prefixes, suffixes, and roots.
• Change the word form of a vocabulary word to use it in different ways in a sentence.
• Identify the most precise synonyms and antonyms for a word.
• Use different types of context clues (example, comparison, contrast) and their signal words and phrases to create sentences.

•  How can we use vocabulary to increase reading comprehension and improve writing style?
   

• What are the different types of context clues, and how do we effectively use them within sentences to imply a word’s meaning?
• What are affixes and roots, and how do they contribute to a word’s meaning? How can we change the affixes to alter a word’s meaning and part of speech?
• How do we accurately identify synonyms and antonyms and use them to better understand a word’s meaning?
   

• Teacher-created vocabulary cards
• Teacher-created vocabulary quizzes
• Access to Theasaurus.com, Dictionary.com, Merriam-webster.com
• Words from MCQs in AP Classroom
• Teacher-created practice assignments/quizzes, context clues worksheet, prefix/root/suffix list handouts
   

• Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, roots)
• Context clues (example, comparison, contrast)
• Signal words and phrases
• Synonyms and antonyms
• Parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb)
   

• Teacher-Created Vocabulary Quizzes
• Multiple-Choice Assessments (AP Classroom)
• Various Progress Checks (AP Classroom)